使用物理模拟为小部件设置动画

物理模拟可以使应用程序交互感觉真实且互动。例如，您可能希望为小部件设置动画，使其表现得像连接到弹簧或在重力作用下下落一样。

此食谱演示了如何使用弹簧模拟将小部件从拖动点移回中心。

此食谱使用以下步骤

1. 设置动画控制器
2. 使用手势移动小部件
3. 为小部件设置动画
4. 计算速度以模拟弹簧运动

从名为DraggableCard的状态ful小部件开始

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

void main() {
  runApp(const MaterialApp(home: PhysicsCardDragDemo()));
}

class PhysicsCardDragDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  const PhysicsCardDragDemo({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(),
      body: const DraggableCard(
        child: FlutterLogo(
          size: 128,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class DraggableCard extends StatefulWidget {
  const DraggableCard({required this.child, super.key});

  final Widget child;

  @override
  State<DraggableCard> createState() => _DraggableCardState();
}

class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard> {
  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    super.dispose();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Align(
      child: Card(
        child: widget.child,
      ),
    );
  }
}

使_DraggableCardState类扩展自SingleTickerProviderStateMixin。然后在initState中构造一个AnimationController并将vsync设置为this。

class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard> {
class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard>
    with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  late AnimationController _controller;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    _controller =
        AnimationController(vsync: this, duration: const Duration(seconds: 1));
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _controller.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

拖动时使小部件移动，并在_DraggableCardState类中添加一个Alignment字段

class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard>
    with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  late AnimationController _controller;
  Alignment _dragAlignment = Alignment.center;

添加一个GestureDetector来处理onPanDown、onPanUpdate和onPanEnd回调。要调整对齐方式，请使用MediaQuery获取小部件的大小，然后除以 2。（这将“拖动像素”单位转换为Align使用的坐标。）然后，将Align小部件的alignment设置为_dragAlignment

@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return Align(
    child: Card(
      child: widget.child,
  var size = MediaQuery.of(context).size;
  return GestureDetector(
    onPanDown: (details) {},
    onPanUpdate: (details) {
      setState(() {
        _dragAlignment += Alignment(
          details.delta.dx / (size.width / 2),
          details.delta.dy / (size.height / 2),
        );
      });
    },
    onPanEnd: (details) {},
    child: Align(
      alignment: _dragAlignment,
      child: Card(
        child: widget.child,
      ),
    ),
  );
}

释放小部件时，它应该弹回中心。

添加一个Animation<Alignment>字段和一个_runAnimation方法。此方法定义了一个Tween，该Tween在小部件拖动到的点与中心点之间进行插值。

class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard>
    with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  late AnimationController _controller;
  late Animation<Alignment> _animation;
  Alignment _dragAlignment = Alignment.center;

void _runAnimation() {
  _animation = _controller.drive(
    AlignmentTween(
      begin: _dragAlignment,
      end: Alignment.center,
    ),
  );
  _controller.reset();
  _controller.forward();
}

接下来，当AnimationController生成值时更新_dragAlignment

@override
void initState() {
  super.initState();
  _controller =
      AnimationController(vsync: this, duration: const Duration(seconds: 1));
  _controller.addListener(() {
    setState(() {
      _dragAlignment = _animation.value;
    });
  });
}

接下来，使Align小部件使用_dragAlignment字段

child: Align(
  alignment: _dragAlignment,
  child: Card(
    child: widget.child,
  ),
),

最后，更新GestureDetector以管理动画控制器

return GestureDetector(
  onPanDown: (details) {},
  onPanDown: (details) {
    _controller.stop();
  },
  onPanUpdate: (details) {
    // ...
  },
  onPanEnd: (details) {},
  onPanEnd: (details) {
    _runAnimation();
  },
  child: Align(

最后一步是进行一些数学运算，以计算小部件在拖动完成后的小部件速度。这样，小部件就可以以该速度真实地继续运动，然后再被弹回。（_runAnimation方法已经通过设置动画的开始和结束对齐方式来设置方向。）

首先，导入physics包

import 'package:flutter/physics.dart';

onPanEnd回调提供了一个DragEndDetails对象。此对象提供指针停止接触屏幕时的速度。速度以像素/秒为单位，但Align小部件不使用像素。它使用[-1.0, -1.0]和[1.0, 1.0]之间的坐标值，其中[0.0, 0.0]表示中心。步骤 2 中计算的size用于将像素转换为此范围内的坐标值。

最后，AnimationController有一个animateWith()方法，可以传递一个SpringSimulation

/// Calculates and runs a [SpringSimulation].
void _runAnimation(Offset pixelsPerSecond, Size size) {
  _animation = _controller.drive(
    AlignmentTween(
      begin: _dragAlignment,
      end: Alignment.center,
    ),
  );
  // Calculate the velocity relative to the unit interval, [0,1],
  // used by the animation controller.
  final unitsPerSecondX = pixelsPerSecond.dx / size.width;
  final unitsPerSecondY = pixelsPerSecond.dy / size.height;
  final unitsPerSecond = Offset(unitsPerSecondX, unitsPerSecondY);
  final unitVelocity = unitsPerSecond.distance;

  const spring = SpringDescription(
    mass: 30,
    stiffness: 1,
    damping: 1,
  );

  final simulation = SpringSimulation(spring, 0, 1, -unitVelocity);

  _controller.animateWith(simulation);
}

不要忘记使用速度和大小调用_runAnimation()

onPanEnd: (details) {
  _runAnimation(details.velocity.pixelsPerSecond, size);
},

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter/physics.dart';

void main() {
  runApp(const MaterialApp(home: PhysicsCardDragDemo()));
}

class PhysicsCardDragDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  const PhysicsCardDragDemo({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(),
      body: const DraggableCard(
        child: FlutterLogo(
          size: 128,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

/// A draggable card that moves back to [Alignment.center] when it's
/// released.
class DraggableCard extends StatefulWidget {
  const DraggableCard({required this.child, super.key});

  final Widget child;

  @override
  State<DraggableCard> createState() => _DraggableCardState();
}

class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard>
    with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  late AnimationController _controller;

  /// The alignment of the card as it is dragged or being animated.
  ///
  /// While the card is being dragged, this value is set to the values computed
  /// in the GestureDetector onPanUpdate callback. If the animation is running,
  /// this value is set to the value of the [_animation].
  Alignment _dragAlignment = Alignment.center;

  late Animation<Alignment> _animation;

  /// Calculates and runs a [SpringSimulation].
  void _runAnimation(Offset pixelsPerSecond, Size size) {
    _animation = _controller.drive(
      AlignmentTween(
        begin: _dragAlignment,
        end: Alignment.center,
      ),
    );
    // Calculate the velocity relative to the unit interval, [0,1],
    // used by the animation controller.
    final unitsPerSecondX = pixelsPerSecond.dx / size.width;
    final unitsPerSecondY = pixelsPerSecond.dy / size.height;
    final unitsPerSecond = Offset(unitsPerSecondX, unitsPerSecondY);
    final unitVelocity = unitsPerSecond.distance;

    const spring = SpringDescription(
      mass: 30,
      stiffness: 1,
      damping: 1,
    );

    final simulation = SpringSimulation(spring, 0, 1, -unitVelocity);

    _controller.animateWith(simulation);
  }

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    _controller = AnimationController(vsync: this);

    _controller.addListener(() {
      setState(() {
        _dragAlignment = _animation.value;
      });
    });
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _controller.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final size = MediaQuery.of(context).size;
    return GestureDetector(
      onPanDown: (details) {
        _controller.stop();
      },
      onPanUpdate: (details) {
        setState(() {
          _dragAlignment += Alignment(
            details.delta.dx / (size.width / 2),
            details.delta.dy / (size.height / 2),
          );
        });
      },
      onPanEnd: (details) {
        _runAnimation(details.velocity.pixelsPerSecond, size);
      },
      child: Align(
        alignment: _dragAlignment,
        child: Card(
          child: widget.child,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

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